Earthquake, not tsunami, may have damaged cooling system at No. 3 reactor
2011/05/26
Smoke rises from the No. 3 reactor building at Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant on March 14. (DigitalGlobe)
Data from the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant indicates that the March 11 earthquake--not the tsunami--damaged piping for the emergency core cooling system at the No. 3 reactor, leading to a meltdown, experts said.
Tokyo Electric Power Co., the plant's operator, has insisted that a tsunami far exceeding expectations led to the accident at the plant, and that shaking from the magnitude-9.0 earthquake did not cause serious damage to crucial equipment.
Junichi Matsumoto, a TEPCO official, told a news conference on May 24 that the piping at the reactor may not have even been damaged.
"We suspect a malfunctioning of a pressure instrument," he said.
However, data released on May 24 by TEPCO points to the possibility of quake damage to the high-pressure coolant injection system, which is part of the ECCS and critical in preventing crises at nuclear power plants, experts said.
Keiji Miyazaki, professor emeritus of nuclear reactor engineering at Osaka University, said the piping at the reactor was probably ruptured before the waves hit the plant.
Since the piping of a high-pressure coolant injection system is inside the reactor building, "it unlikely to be damaged in tsunami," he said.
The ECCS can function even after a blackout because it is mainly powered by steam produced by residual heat from fuel rods in the reactor pressure vessel.
According to TEPCO, the No. 3 reactor was cooled by other equipment after the regular cooling system became disabled when the tsunami cut the electricity supply on March 11.
But that equipment also stopped working around noon on March 12.
When the high-pressure coolant injection system kicked in after sensing a lack of water in the reactor, the water level was restored temporarily.
However, the battery connected to valves at the reactor died, rendering TEPCO unable to open and close them. This caused the water level to drop again, exposing the nuclear fuel rods and causing a meltdown.
When the ECCS was working, pressure in the pressure vessel was 75 atmospheres.
But the pressure decreased to 10 atmospheres in about six hours, a phenomenon highly unlikely under ordinary circumstances, experts said.
Based on the data, TEPCO assumed the sharp decline in pressure occurred because steam was leaking from damaged parts of the piping.
TEPCO said if the piping was damaged, it was the result of the tsunami.
The company failed to cool the No. 1 through No. 3 reactors after the emergency diesel generators for the cooling systems were knocked out. That led to hydrogen explosions at two reactors that sent a huge amount of radioactive materials into the atmosphere.
Preliminary data on the impact of the quake released by TEPCO showed that the vertical shaking at the No. 3 reactor was within the maximum level under anti-quake guidelines for nuclear facilities.
However, the swaying from the quake was slightly above the level the utility was prepared for.
The ECCS, including the high-pressure coolant injection system, is required to have the highest quake-resistance level under the government's guidelines.
In addition, the building housing the reactor is supposed to be able to withstand the force of a massive jolt, compared with other facilities, such as turbine buildings.
TEPCO has said the plant was well equipped to deal with a massive earthquake, but not a huge tsunami.
Experts say glitches before the March 11 disaster, coupled with damages caused by the tsunami--and the quake--contributed to the crisis at the plant.
If quake damage is confirmed at the plant's reactor, safety standards and measures would have to be reviewed, possible leading to expensive reinforcements for reactors operated by the nation's electric power companies.
Although construction of the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant started before previous anti-quake guidelines were compiled in 1978, some in the nuclear industry said the plant could withstand the impact of even a magnitude-9.0 quake.
They said current quake-resistance standards for nuclear power plants are sufficient.
But experts say that a detailed analysis based on sufficient data will be needed to determine if the tsunami was the sole cause of the ongoing crisis at the plant.
(This article was compiled from reports by Ryoma Komiyama, Takashi Sugiyama and Eisuke Sasaki.)
日本福島核電廠的災難程度正在"漸進式"曝光。東京電力公司先是承認1號反應堆發生了核芯熔毀,本週二又表示,2號、3號反應堆大部分燃料棒可能已熔解。可就在數週前,公司同政府一致的口徑還是"至多發生了部分核芯熔毀"。
3月11日,日本發生了世紀強震,隨後引發海嘯。現在,越來越多的資料曝光,顯示災難發生後24小時裡,福島核電廠第一機組的核反應堆是否發生了核洩漏,程度如何。目前,日本媒體也在開足馬力還原事件的經過,弄清誰在什麼時間做出了怎樣的決定。
一名日本核物理學家在接受NHK電視台的採訪時說:"氫氣爆炸是導致情況變遭的根本原因。因此,人們那時花了很大氣力穩定核電廠的局面,這一過程持續了很長時間。但公司方面動作太慢,未能實現及時通過氣門芯排壓。"
什麼時候作出打開1號反應堆安全閥以便降低壓力的決定,這個過程的每一分鐘都記錄得很詳細。這些技術資料還顯示,現場工人衝進室內進行操作的難度很高,因為當時的核輻射太高。他們只打開了部分安全閥門。
核專家繼續說:"高輻射表明,部分核物質已經外洩,而核芯熔毀很可能已經在反應堆內發生。"
除1號反應堆外,2、3號都發生核芯熔毀
根據東京電力公司顯示的資料,自然災害發生不到一天后,即3月12日,1號反應堆就已經開始核芯熔毀。本週二,該公司正式承認,在2號和3號反應堆內也發生了部分核芯熔毀。他們說,自然災害發生60至100小時後,這一過程已經開始,而且反應堆內的核燃棒很可能大部分已經融化。也就是說,3號反應堆從3月13日、2號反應堆從3月14日開始出現核芯熔毀。此前,日本官方承認的核災難程度同美國專家作出的分析相比,要低得多。現在,日本接受了美國科學家的估測。
東京電力公司的發言人說,1號核反應堆的核芯熔毀的情況最為嚴重,接下來是3號反應堆,然後是2號。他進一步表示,核電廠的控制中心重新啟動後,對反應堆受損程度的分析也可以更精確地進行下去。
東電公司和日本政府必須解釋
東京電力公司宣布,到明年1月前,將完全控制住福島核電廠一號機組的局面。有人質疑,地震是否毀壞了反應堆的冷卻裝置?公司方面的回答是,沒有毀壞。地震發生後、海嘯出現前的時間裡,冷卻裝置仍然性能完好。但海嘯過後,緊急裝置無法啟動了。
日本核洩漏危機發生後,人們尤其對運營公司以及日本政府奉行的信息政策提出尖銳的批評。這是一次僅次於25年前切爾諾貝利核災難的重大事故,但在地震和海嘯發生後的頭幾周里,不論是公司還是政府,都不斷重申,福島核電廠最多只會出現部分核芯熔毀。但隨著事件的進一步惡化以及越來越多的真相公佈於眾,公司和政府的表態也不得不漸漸改口。
"我們真的很天真"
不過,日本科學家也承認,沒有人預料到這次的災難會帶來這樣的後果。這名接受NHK採訪的日本核物理學家說,"包括我自己在內,沒有真正認真考慮到會發生這樣的災難。人們預設的前提實際上是,不會出現所有能源都被切斷的情況。我們雖然也思考過最糟糕場景,但我們卻不認為它們會真的發生。我們真的很天真。"
日本工業大臣宣布,政府將成立一個由10人組成的獨立委員會調查核災難的事宜。這個委員會將在本月底前開始工作。成員中除了核物理專家外,還包括法學專家。他們不僅要澄清發生本次福島核電廠洩漏災難的原因,還要探討今後避免發生類似事故的可能。
作者:Peter Kujath/李魚
新闻报道 | 2011.05.24
福岛三座核反应堆发生核芯熔毁
3月11日,日本发生了世纪强震,随后引发海啸。现在,越来越多的资料曝光,显示灾难发生后24小时里,福岛核电厂第一机组的核反应堆是否发生了核泄漏,程度如何。目前,日本媒体也在开足马力还原事件的经过,弄清谁在什么时间做出了怎样的决定。
一名日本核物理学家在接受NHK电视台的采访时说:"氢气爆炸是导致情况变遭的根本原因。因此,人们那时花了很大气力稳定核电厂的局面,这一过程持续了很长时间。但公司方面动作太慢,未能实现及时通过气门芯排压。"
什么时候作出打开1号反应堆安全阀以便降低压力的决定,这个过程的每一分钟都记录得很详细。这些技术资料还显示,现场工人冲进室内进行操作的难度很高,因为当时的核辐射太高。他们只打开了部分安全阀门。
核专家继续说:"高辐射表明,部分核物质已经外泄,而核芯熔毁很可能已经在反应堆内发生。"
除1号反应堆外,2、3号都发生核芯熔毁
根据东京电力公司显示的资料,自然灾害发生不到一天后,即3月12日,1号反应堆就已经开始核芯熔毁。本周二,该公司正式承认,在2号和3号反应堆 内也发生了部分核芯熔毁。他们说,自然灾害发生60至100小时后,这一过程已经开始,而且反应堆内的核燃棒很可能大部分已经融化。也就是说,3号反应堆 从3月13日、2号反应堆从3月14日开始出现核芯熔毁。此前,日本官方承认的核灾难程度同美国专家作出的分析相比,要低得多。现在,日本接受了美国科学 家的估测。
东京电力公司的发言人说,1号核反应堆的核芯熔毁的情况最为严重,接下来是3号反应堆,然后是2号。他进一步表示,核电厂的控制中心重新启动后,对反应堆受损程度的分析也可以更精确地进行下去。
东电公司和日本政府必须解释
东京电力公司宣布,到明年1月前,将完全控制住福岛核电厂一号机组的局面。有人质疑,地震是否毁坏了反应堆的冷却装置?公司方面的回答是,没有毁坏。地震发生后、海啸出现前的时间里,冷却装置仍然性能完好。但海啸过后,紧急装置无法启动了。
日本核泄漏危机发生后,人们尤其对运营公司以及日本政府奉行的信息政策提出尖锐的批评。这是一次仅次于25年前切尔诺贝利核灾难的重大事故,但在地 震和海啸发生后的头几周里,不论是公司还是政府,都不断重申,福岛核电厂最多只会出现部分核芯熔毁。但随着事件的进一步恶化以及越来越多的真相公布于众, 公司和政府的表态也不得不渐渐改口。
"我们真的很天真"
不过,日本科学家也承认,没有人预料到这次的灾难会带来这样的后果。这名接受NHK采访的日本核物理学家说,"包括我自己在内,没有真正认真考虑到 会发生这样的灾难。人们预设的前提实际上是,不会出现所有能源都被切断的情况。我们虽然也思考过最糟糕场景,但我们却不认为它们会真的发生。我们真的很天 真。"
日本工业大臣宣布,政府将成立一个由10人组成的独立委员会调查核灾难的事宜。这个委员会将在本月底前开始工作。成员中除了核物理专家外,还包括法学专家。他们不仅要澄清发生本次福岛核电厂泄漏灾难的原因,还要探讨今后避免发生类似事故的可能。
作者:Peter Kujath/李鱼
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