Coping with Japan's nuclear disaster / 5萬居民逃離福島

永遠不回家？ 5萬居民逃離福島（1/1） 作者：經濟學人 　出處：Web Only 2011/04 相關關鍵字：經濟學人 南相馬市距離福島第一 核電廠約25公里，核災至今已有約5萬居民逃離或撤離。南相馬市市長櫻井勝延擔心，大部分撤離的市民可能永遠不會回來。主要疑慮有三；其一為東京電力公司 提供的資訊並不可靠，其二為電廠仍舊不穩定，其三，時間拖得越長，輻射對居民賴以為生的農地和海洋傷害就越大。

東京電力公司阻止受損反應爐繼續外漏輻射汙水；但在那之前，位於南方70公里的漁民已經捕捉到輻射水準高於平常的玉筋魚。當地漁民知道民眾擔心食物安全，已決定本季停止捕魚。 輻射汙染的疑慮擴散至全球，日本政府也逐漸發現，光是提出輻射水準的科學證據並不足夠；例如印度就暫停了日本食品進口。船運業者希望日本政府能發行認證，向外國港口證明貨品未受輻射汙染，但日本政府卻將大部分心力放在說服船運業者，希望他們相信低度輻射水準的安全性。 在日本經濟最需要幫助之際，已有約50個國家對日本進口產品實施限制。目前輻射疑慮對日本出口的直接衝擊並不大，農漁產品佔日本總出口的比例非當低，但還是有可能傷害日本食品的高品質信譽。 日本國內需求所受的衝擊應該會大得多，經濟學家擔心可能連東京的消費者信心都會受影響。日本人的「自制」傾向再次浮現，他們同情受難者、不願在此時刻作樂，開始減少購物、賞櫻等各方面的開支。 南相馬市的居民已經受夠了核電廠。有位居民表示，他知道輻射的風險，但不希望女兒在這樣的環境中成長，雖然他沒錢，得與妻子和四歲女兒睡在避難所的地板，但他永遠都不會回家。 經濟學人英文原文

dosimeter, brassicas. once-over

Coping with Japan's nuclear disaster

By The Economist
From The Economist
Published: April 11, 2011

Giving the brassicas a once-overA PEN-LIKE dosimeter hangs around the neck of Katsunobu Sakurai, the tireless mayor of Minamisoma, measuring the accumulated radiation to which he has been exposed during the past two weeks of a four-week nuclear nightmare. The reading of 43 microsieverts is about the dosage he would get from a single chest x-ray. No cause for alarm, then. Yet he believes the radioactive particles from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear-power plant, 25km from his office, have led this once-prosperous city of 70,000 into a fight for its life.

Use the interactive "Graphics Carousel" to browse our coverage of catastrophe in Japan.About 50,000 inhabitants who lived closest to the plant have been evacuated or have fled since radiation levels started to rise after the March 11th tsunami—which also left at least 1,400 of the town's residents dead or missing. Even though external radiation has since returned to near-harmless levels, Mr Sakurai fears many of Minamisoma's evacuees may never come back.

Three worries predominate. One, the information passed out by the government and Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO), which owns the Dai-ichi plant, may be unreliable. Two, the plant is still unstable, at risk of suddenly emitting vastly greater amounts of radioactive particles. Three, the longer it takes to stabilise, the more lasting damage wind- and waterborne radiation may do to the livelihoods of the farmers and fishermen who are the economic lifeblood of the community. If they go, so does the town.

Related topicsTokyoTokyo Electric Power Co. Inc.Environmental public healthSouth KoreaFukushima
These worries resurfaced on April 7th when TEPCO started to inject nitrogen into one of the plant's six stricken reactors. That was to prevent a repeat of the hydrogen explosions that blew radiation out of the plant soon after cooling systems failed in the wake of the tsunami.

Even before that news, Mr Sakurai was saying that he was fearful of another explosion. It was why he continued to discourage hope that the town could get back to normal. "The lack of information is making people deeply stressed and frustrated," he said.

The prompt dissemination of accurate information is not happening, though. By April 6th TEPCO had managed to staunch the leakage of highly contaminated water from one of the damaged reactors that had produced levels of radioactive iodine 7.5m times the legal limit in one sample of seawater. But that was not before fishermen about 70km south of the plant had caught tiny sand-eels, known as konago, with larger than normal traces of radioactive iodine and caesium. The unwelcome discovery prompted Naoto Kan, the prime minister, to issue a new safety standard for levels of radioactivity in marine products. Knowing the public's fears of unsafe food (and no doubt encouraged by the promise of compensation), the local konago fishermen had already pulled in their nets for the season.

The fear of contamination is spreading internationally, too, and the government is learning that it is not enough just to present scientific evidence about radiation levels. On April 6th India suspended all Japanese food imports. Neighbouring South Korea expressed concern that it was not warned about TEPCO's decision to dump low-level radioactive waste into the sea to make room to store more toxic stuff on land. South Korea does not share a sea with Fukushima. But South Korea, like Japan, has a vibrant seafood culture. Rational or not, perceptions matter.

With more emotion than sense, electronic components, machine parts and even towels made far from Fukushima have required radiation checks or been turned back by Italy and China, among others. The Japanese authorities have not helped by falling back on technocracy rather than a more sympathetic response. Shippers have urged the government to issue certificates that would assure foreign ports that goods are radiation-free. Instead, Japan expends its energies mainly attempting to convince shippers about the safely low levels of radiation in the country at large. "The question is how to reduce anxiety, not present science," says Katsunori Nemoto of Keidanren, Japan's business lobby.

At a time when the Japanese economy needs help, to date around 50 countries have imposed restrictions on Japanese imports. America, which buys one-sixth of Japanese farm exports, has put products from Fukushima and three other prefectures on a watch list. The European Union has named a dozen prefectures that need radiation tests, yet traders in these places report a lack of testing equipment. In one case, says an executive at a Japanese trading house, tuna that arrived in America was set aside by customs, rotting before it was inspected. A sake brewer on a sales trip to Las Vegas noticed that Japanese food was off the menu at hotels.

So far the direct economic impact of radiation fears on exports is slight. Fishing and farming account for a very small part of Japan's total exports, even if a disproportionate share in Japan's stricken north-east. Even so, the reputation for high quality enjoyed by Japanese-sourced food will probably suffer.

At home, the impact on domestic demand may be much bigger. Economists say fears of radiation dampen consumer confidence and extend as far south as Tokyo, which is 250km from the Fukushima plant. Some pundits want the government to launch a publicity blitz to urge ordinary Japanese to spend more. It may do little good, especially coming from a government that does not inspire confidence. Many ordinary Japanese unaffected by the tsunami and nuclear mess either feel a sympathy for the victims or are ashamed to be seen enjoying themselves. The Japanese tendency towards self-restraint, or jishuku, is back in force. People are cutting back on everything from shopping trips to hanami parties to view the spring cherry blossom.

As for Minamisoma, its residents are fed up with paying the price for a nuclear accident at a plant that brought them little benefit—after all, it sent nearly all its electricity to Tokyo. Takashi Shibaguchi, a 41-year-old acupuncturist who lived on the outskirts of the town, says he will never return home, even though he has no money and is sleeping on the floor of an evacuation shelter with his wife and four-year-old daughter. He is rational about the radiation risks to himself, but fears his daughter growing up in such a potentially poisonous environment. "I'm done with it," he says.

永遠不回家？ 5萬居民逃離福島（1/1） 作者：經濟學人 　出處：Web Only 2011/04 相關關鍵字：經濟學人 南相馬市距離福島第一 核電廠約25公里，核災至今已有約5萬居民逃離或撤離。南相馬市市長櫻井勝延擔心，大部分撤離的市民可能永遠不會回來。主要疑慮有三；其一為東京電力公司 提供的資訊並不可靠，其二為電廠仍舊不穩定，其三，時間拖得越長，輻射對居民賴以為生的農地和海洋傷害就越大。

東京電力公司阻止受損反應爐繼續外漏輻射汙水；但在那之前，位於南方70公里的漁民已經捕捉到輻射水準高於平常的玉筋魚。當地漁民知道民眾擔心食物安全，已決定本季停止捕魚。 輻射汙染的疑慮擴散至全球，日本政府也逐漸發現，光是提出輻射水準的科學證據並不足夠；例如印度就暫停了日本食品進口。船運業者希望日本政府能發行認證，向外國港口證明貨品未受輻射汙染，但日本政府卻將大部分心力放在說服船運業者，希望他們相信低度輻射水準的安全性。 在日本經濟最需要幫助之際，已有約50個國家對日本進口產品實施限制。目前輻射疑慮對日本出口的直接衝擊並不大，農漁產品佔日本總出口的比例非當低，但還是有可能傷害日本食品的高品質信譽。 日本國內需求所受的衝擊應該會大得多，經濟學家擔心可能連東京的消費者信心都會受影響。日本人的「自制」傾向再次浮現，他們同情受難者、不願在此時刻作樂，開始減少購物、賞櫻等各方面的開支。 南相馬市的居民已經受夠了核電廠。有位居民表示，他知道輻射的風險，但不希望女兒在這樣的環境中成長，雖然他沒錢，得與妻子和四歲女兒睡在避難所的地板，但他永遠都不會回家。