注：各位網友，從3月10日起，我們對《英國報摘》欄目做一些調整。報摘內容集中在英國報紙對中國事務的報道和評論。每周星期二和星期五更新。
今天英國各主要報紙都報道了西藏精神領袖達賴喇嘛流亡50周年前夕，中國對西藏加強警戒。
《每日電訊報》標題是"西藏抗議人士在起義日向警察投擲炸彈"。報道說，曾經擔任過西藏黨委書記的中國國家主席胡錦濤罕見地對西藏自治問題發表講話。他說要筑牢反對西藏分裂的堅固長城，推動西藏的長治久安。
報道引述中國公安部發言人的話說，西藏所有接壤地區都在嚴密監視之中。
《衛報》報道說："達賴喇嘛流亡50周年前夕的炸彈和憤怒"﹔《泰晤時報》的報道說："中國呼籲構建長城維護團結"。
《獨立報》報道則側重報道"西藏在起義50周年時被中國軍管"。《金融時報》記者在青海的報道說："北京在西藏紀念日前鎮壓"。
回望歷史
《每日電訊報》還刊登了50年前達賴喇嘛出逃的消息經該報首度披露的經過。
現年89歲的喬治.派特森1946年作為傳道士抵達西藏後，成為達賴喇嘛的朋友。
1949年冬天，他對中國軍隊入藏感到擔心，曾經騎馬穿越喜馬拉雅山向世界發出警告並發出了求救的呼籲。
能說流利藏語的派特森隨後就留在西藏和印度邊境，為《每日電訊報》報道西藏的消息。
派特森回憶說，1956年安多地區發生大規模由果洛藏民發起的起義。果洛藏民抓了幾百個漢人，割掉他們的鼻子，然後放了他們。
中國政府的回應是調派數千軍隊進入該地區，但是果洛地區的藏民在臨近部落的幫助下再刺殺戮漢人。
1959年，西藏的暴動波及到拉薩。派特森的報道受到印度當時總理尼赫魯的批評。尼赫魯說，西藏的局勢是思想的衝突，而不是武力衝突。根本沒有暴力發生。
但是，1959年3月10日，中國政府派遣軍隊包圍了拉薩並召見達賴喇嘛。
5天後，派特森報道說："達賴喇嘛喬裝成一名普通的士兵，在高級官員和200人的陪同下秘密離開了拉薩。"时事风云 | 2009.03.10
三月十日藏区控制严密
西藏精神领袖达赖喇嘛3月10日在位于印度北部的达兰萨拉发表纪念演说，以尖锐的言词批评中国，称1959年3月10日藏人起义失败后，中 国政府在一波又一波的镇压行动中，"使藏人陷入人间地狱般的苦难中，数以万计的藏人死于非命"，"这种数不胜数的非人性破坏，没有间断 地施行了五十年"。达赖喇嘛在讲话中再次强调他和广大藏人都坚持走追求西藏真正自治的"中间路线"，并指出与中央政府八次谈判均无进展的原因在于北京方面 没有诚意。
法新社报道说，3月10日有三名法新社记者在距离青海省会西宁300公里远的喇家镇访问了一座寺庙后，被当地治安人员带离这一地区。按照 中国的官方规定，外国记者不能自由进入西藏，但是名义上可以自由进入四川、青海和甘肃的藏人聚居区。但是根据近日多家国外通讯社记 者的实地报道，他们在这些地区的行动也受到限制。
据美联社报道，该通讯社的记者3月9日在与西藏接壤的甘孜州康定县拍摄到大批配备轻机枪的武警巡逻方队和警车，配备了钢盔、警棍和防 暴盾牌的武警在街上随处可见，四处都有公安驻守。美联社记者在四川康定县城附近公路上看到有武警装甲车巡逻，警方不时截查过往车辆 。在采访中。美联社记者两度被公安扣留，并被要求离开。
德国之声记者试图通过电话了解四川阿坝地区的局势，但是阿坝地区的公安局政治部的电话不是占线就是在接通后就被挂断。
周一(3月9日)有外电和香港媒体援引新华社报导说，原武警部队政委隋明太在"两会"上接受记者采访时承认，近期军方从周边地区增派几 万名士兵到西藏加强保安。有新华社报道称，全国人大代表、公安部边防局政委傅宏裕表示，公安边防部队已针对今年两会期间和重大敏感 节点的安全保卫工作做出部署，全力维护西藏边境地区稳定，"针对藏区形势，我们已经部署兵力加强了西藏边境一线口岸和重点地段 、通道的防控工作。"
3月10日，在澳大利亚堪培拉中国大使馆门前发生了藏人抗议活动，大约300名抗议者一度冲破指定的抗议区隔离线。在韩国首都首尔也发 生了类似抗议事件。在美国首都华盛顿，周一(3月9日)有数百名西藏流亡者、中国持不同政见者以及其他支持者从白宫游行到中国驻美大使 馆。周一，美国众院议长南希·佩洛西以及部分国会议员向国会递交了一份西藏议案，并可能于10日当天获得通过。中国外交部发言人马朝 旭在3月10日的外交部例行记者会上称对这一议案"表示严重关切"，并再次神明"西藏事务纯属中国内政"和"反对任何国家、任何人利 用涉藏问题干涉中国内政"。
作者：潇阳
责编：叶宣
Dalai Lama Harshly Condemns China Over Tibet
The Dalai Lama spoke to the media Tuesday morning in Dharamsala, India, as he marked his 50th year of exile.
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BEIJING — The Dalai Lama delivered on Tuesday one of his harshest attacks on the Chinese government in recent times, saying that the Chinese Communist Party had transformed Tibet into a “hell on earth” and that the Chinese authorities regard Tibetans as “criminals deserving to be put to death.”
The Dalai Lama gave a blistering speech on Tuesday morning in Dharamsala, India.
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“Today, the religion, culture, language and identity, which successive generations of Tibetans have considered more precious than their lives, are nearing extinction,” said the Dalai Lama, 73, the spiritual leader of the Tibetans.
Those words came during a blistering speech made Tuesday morning in Dharamsala, India, the Himalayan hill town that is the seat of the Tibetan government-in-exile. Tibetans outside of China and their supporters held rallies around the world on Tuesday to mark the 50th anniversary of a failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule. The Chinese military crushed the rebellion, forcing the Dalai Lama to flee across the Himalayas to India.
The furious tone of the Dalai Lama’s speech may have been in reaction to a new clampdown by China on the Tibetan regions. The Dalai Lama might also have adopted an angry approach to placate younger Tibetans who have accused the Dalai Lama of being too conciliatory toward China. The Dalai Lama advocates genuine autonomy for Tibet and not secession, while more radical Tibetans are urging the Dalai Lama to support outright independence.
In the rugged Tibetan regions of China, where there is widespread resentment at Chinese rule, no reports emerged on Tuesday of any large-scale protests. The Chinese government, fearing civil unrest among six million Tibetans, has locked down the vast area, which measures up to a quarter of China, by sending in thousands of troops in the last few weeks and cutting off cell phone and Internet services in some locations. An unofficial state of martial law now exists, with soldiers and police officers operating checkpoints, marching through streets and checking people for identification cards.
Chinese President Hu Jintao called this week for the building of a “Great Wall” of stability in Tibet.
“We must reinforce the solid Great Wall for combating separatism and safeguarding national unity, so that Tibet, now basically stable, will enjoy lasting peace and stability,” Mr. Hu said while meeting with Tibetan officials in Beijing on Monday, according to Xinhua, the state news agency.
Across Tibet, monks at large monasteries have been ordered to stay indoors. In the town of Tongren in Qinghai Province, monks at the sprawling Rongwo Monastery, where protests erupted last year, have been told they cannot leave the compound from March 6 to March 16, according to two monks reached by telephone. No classes or prayer gatherings were held on Tuesday. One monk said he and his peers were reading Buddhist scriptures in their bedrooms.
“This morning, I cried,” he said.
The monk declined to give his name for fear of government retribution. A year ago this month, he was studying in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, and taking part in protests to mark the 49th anniversary of the failed uprising. When security forces suppressed those protests, Tibetans began rioting in the streets, attacking ethnic Han Chinese civilians and burning shops and vehicles.
The uprising quickly spread to Tibetan areas in other provinces, becoming the largest rebellion against Chinese rule in decades. At least 19 people were killed in Lhasa, most of them Han Chinese civilians, according to the Chinese government. In the violent repression that followed, 220 Tibetans were killed, nearly 1,300 were injured and nearly 7,000 were detained or imprisoned, according to the Tibetan government-in-exile. More than 1,000 Tibetans are still missing.
“There has been a brutal crackdown on the Tibetan protests that have shaken the whole of Tibet since last March,” the Dalai Lama said in his speech.
In a report released Tuesday, Human Rights Watch said that a careful study of official Chinese accounts of last year’s uprising and its aftermath showed that “there have been thousands of arbitrary arrests, and more than 100 trials pushed through the judicial system.” The government’s official figures on arrests and prosecutions suggest that several hundred suspected protestors remain in custody, Human Rights Watch said.
Officials from Lhasa said last week that 953 people were detained after the riots and that 76 of them were sentenced on charges of robbery, arson and attacking government institutions. The others have been all been released, the officials said.
The Chinese government has accused the Dalai Lama of fomenting separatist violence, even though the Dalai Lama says he is pushing only for autonomous powers that are outlined in the Chinese constitution.
In his speech on Tuesday, the Dalai Lama reiterated that such autonomy had been promised to Tibet by Mao and other senior Chinese leaders whom he met in Beijing in 1954 and 1955. The Dalai Lama began negotiations over the future of Tibet after Chinese troops invaded the Tibetan plateau and seized full control of Tibet in 1951.
Despite the promises from Mao, he said, the Chinese government carried out “a series of repressive and violent campaigns” through the decades, including what the Chinese called “patriotic re-education” and “strike hard” campaigns following the protests last year.
“These thrust Tibetans into such depths of suffering and hardship that they literally experienced hell on earth,” the Dalai Lama said. “The immediate result of these campaigns was the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Tibetans.”
The Chinese government has defended its policies in Tibet by saying that it abolished a feudal slave-holding system overseen by the Dalai Lama and poured vast sums of money into building roads, railways and other infrastructure.
The Dalai Lama lashed out at those projects on Tuesday, saying they were done to move Han Chinese migrants into Tibet “at the huge cost of devastating the Tibetan environment and way of life.”
Despite his harsh words, the Dalai Lama reaffirmed his commitment to trying to maintain a dialogue with China, which he calls the “middle way” approach. Talks between Beijing and the Dalai Lama’s envoys fell apart last year, and no new ones have been rescheduled.
After the Dalai Lama’s speech, thousands of Tibetans marched through Dharamsala holding up banners with slogans like “Stop Genocide in Tibet!” and “We Want Freedom!” Some waved small Tibetan flags with two snow lions and a blazing sun, and others had the flag painted on their faces.
“Now the world knows what is the Tibetan movement,” one protestor, Tenzin Tsundue, 34, said by telephone. “In fact, last year’s uprising is motivating other oppressed groups in China to rise up. That may open up China, and the Chinese leadership feels threatened by that.”
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