中國打擊色情的雙重標準
克拉麗莎·塞巴格-蒙蒂菲奧里 2013年08月05日
上海——對於色情產品，中國政府持着赤裸裸的偽善態度。
中國官方新聞機構新華社本月（指7月——編注）通報了又一項反色情行動。這個按計劃要持續到八月的行動旨在為廣大青少年營造「良好的暑期網絡環境」。含有「淫穢色情內容」的網站、網絡遊戲、網絡廣告和論壇已被取締、處罰、要求清除違規內容，或者正在被調查。然而，對於什麼是淫穢色情內容則沒有明確說明。
此次運動是一場無規則可循卻又一直在進行的反色情鬥爭的一部分。長期以來，中國共產黨將自己視為對抗「精神污染」的衛士，其打擊對象從色情產品到政治錯誤，無所不包。自1949年中國共產黨上台以來，中國就宣布色情產品違法。
中國的反色情法模糊而嚴苛。任何違反「社會公德」或傷害「青少年身心健康」的色情產品都可能成為被打擊對象。在鄧小平掌權時期，傳播色情產品可能會被判處死刑。2005年，中國最大色情網站的幕後策劃者被判處終身監禁。
該法律也具有自利性；一到自己發表的東西，政府就不再繼續
裝着道貌岸然了。最近新華網發佈的新聞有：「熱辣時刻：看伊琳娜·沙伊克如何性感玩轉比基尼」、「身體無比柔軟的女人們」、「世界十大性感裸體浴場」、
「體育畫報十大比基尼寶貝」（是的，原標題就是寫的「寶貝」）。每一組網上幻燈片中都有近乎一絲不掛或者——在最後一組幻燈片中——全裸的女生。
這是個「孔子都解不開的惑，」香港中文大學
(Chinese University of Hong Kong)教授、《人民色情：中國互聯網的性與監控》(People』s
Pornography：Sex and Surveillance on Chinese Internet)一書的作者余幼薇(Katrien
Jacobs)說。這周，余幼薇告訴我說，中國政府自己通常會違反傳播色情內容的傳統規定。在過去三十年的市場改革中，政府越來越多地將「為商業利益使用
高度色情化的圖像」和「嚴厲的道德主義」相對立。
這種雙重標準沒能逃過大家的眼睛。7月8日，一名新浪微博
用戶寫道：「一方面，警務部門不遺餘力清剿黃色色情場所，另一方面各類媒體大秀事業線，以露為噱頭，吸引眼球。我好像有種釣魚執法的感覺。一方面，用各種
手段，培養色情溫床，另一方面，不停的打擊色情行業。」而一些在華外國人開始稱新華社為「性華社」(Skinhua)。
與此同時，競爭者則受到了處罰。本月早些時候，山東省一家
日報因內容「低俗」被政府停刊三個月。《藍色快報》被指發佈女性半裸照片。但是該報紙的的副主編曲奎承在微博上表示，這是「莫須有的罪名。」據《南華早
報》(The South China Morning Post)報道，《藍色快報》曾指責其競爭對手向審查機關舉報。
打擊色情在對付那些被視為商業威脅的公司時最常用的借口。
2009年，中國中央電視台指責谷歌(Google)傳播色情內容。（僅一年後，在遭受了其他專門針對它的攻擊後，谷歌將其中國總部轉移至香港。）4月，
《人民日報》宣布，蘋果(Apple)正在因其應用軟件提供色情產品接受調查。
當然，叫停色情內容也是一種實施廣泛審查的方式。據官方媒體報道，政府在5月宣布，兩個月的凈網行動共「收繳」了18萬件網絡色情淫穢出版物。查處違規網站1萬餘家，「發現」非法出版物560餘萬件。清洗色情的同時還順便清洗了政治。
克拉麗莎·塞巴格-蒙蒂菲奧里(Clarissa Sebag-Montefiore)是《TimeOut 上海》(TimeOut Shanghai)消費導刊的編輯。翻譯：谷菁璐
Beijing’s Play for Porn
August 05, 2013
SHANGHAI — When it comes to pornography, the Chinese government is guilty of naked hypocrisy.
This month Xinhua, the Chinese state-run news agency, announced yet another anti-pornography crusade.
The campaign, scheduled to last through August, aims to create a
“benign Internet environment” for Chinese youth during the summer
holidays. Web sites and online games, advertisements and forums that
show “pornographic content” have been shut down, fined, asked to remove
offending content or are being investigated. Just exactly what
constitutes porn, however, is not spelled out.
This crackdown is part of an ongoing, if erratic,
battle against smut. The Chinese Communist Party has long viewed itself
as a guardian against “spiritual pollution,” which runs the gamut from
porn to wayward politics. Pornography has been banned in China since
1949, when the Communists came to power.
China’s anti-porn laws are both nebulous and draconian. Anything that violates “public morality” or harms “the physical and mental health of youth and young people” can be targeted. Distributing porn was a capital offense under Deng Xiaoping. In 2005, the mastermind behind the country’s largest porn Web site was sentenced to life imprisonment.
The law is also
self-serving; the state’s sanctimony stops short at its own
publications. Recent Xinhua headlines include “Hot-and-Heavy Moments:
Look How Hot Irina Shayk in Bikini,” “Unbelievably Flexible Women,” “Top
10 Sexy Nudist Bathing Spots Around the World” and “Top 10 Bikini
Babies of Sports Illustrated” (“Babies” in the original text). Each
online slideshow features girls wearing next to nothing or, in the last
case, nothing at all.
This is “Confucian
confusion,” said Katrien Jacobs, a professor at the Chinese University
of Hong Kong and author of “People’s Pornography: Sex and Surveillance
on the Chinese Internet.” Jacobs told me this week that traditional
rules regarding the dissemination of sexual content are often broken by
the Chinese authorities themselves. In the last three decades of market
reform, the government has increasingly pitted “the use of highly
sexualized imagery for commercial reasons” against “severe moralism.”
The double-standard hasn’t
gone unnoticed. One user on the microblog Sina Weibo wrote on July 8:
“On the one hand the government spares no effort to crackdown on
pornography. But on the other hand, the media always uses fresh women to
attract more eyeballs. It seems that the government cultivates the
hotbed of pornography while at the same time cracking down on it.” Some
foreigners here have taken to calling Xinhua “Skinhua.”
The competition, meanwhile,
is exposed to sanctions. Earlier this month the authorities closed a
daily newspaper in Shandong Province for three months for displaying “vulgar” content. The Blue Express Daily was denounced
for publishing semi-nude photographs of women. But the paper’s deputy
editor, Qu Quancheng, stated on Weibo that these were “made-up
accusations.” According to The South China Morning Post, the paper
blamed competitors for tipping off the censors.
Cracking down on porn is a ready excuse to clamp down on companies viewed as commercial threats. In 2009 China Central Television accused Google of spreading pornography.
(Just one year later, after other attacks designed to undermine it,
Google moved its headquarters to Hong Kong.) In April, People’s Daily
announced that Apple was being investigated for providing pornography on its apps.
Calling out X-rated content
is also, of course, a way to implement sweeping censorship. In May, the
authorities announced they had “seized” 180,000 online publications
publicizing porn in a two-month clean up. More than 10,000 Web sites
were sanctioned, and 5.6 million illegal publications “unearthed,”
according to state media. Alongside the porn, out goes the political.
Clarissa Sebag-Montefiore is an editor at Time Out Shanghai.
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