China, Taiwan Sign Yuan-Clearing Deal Wall Street Journal Individuals in Taiwan will be permitted to convert up to 20,000 yuan (US$3,186) and transfer up to 80,000 yuan to China a day, as Beijing continues to keep a tight grip on its capital account. Taiwanese banks and institutions are also allowed to clear ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
US scholar urges dramatic rethink on Taiwan Channel News Asia WASHINGTON: With Beijing growing in strength, a US scholar is calling for a major rethink on Taiwan in which the island would cut its troop numbers in half and rebrand its army as a self-defence force. The proposal marks a rare break from the ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
Yuan trade to start in Taiwan in weeks South China Morning Post The People's Bank of China signed a clearing agreement with the BOC branch yesterday, under which Taiwan residents would be allowed to deal in yuan-denominated assets such as deposits, loans and yuan investments. Taiwan's central bank said in a ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
Taiwan ratchets up sovereignty claims to Senkaku Islands Asahi Shimbun The fishing boat, accompanied by four Taiwanese cutters, entered the contiguous zone off Japan's territorial waters around the islands, but was chased off by the Japan Coast Guard using a water cannon. The uninhabited islands, called Diaoyutai in ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
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CebuPac eyes PAL's unused seats to Taiwan Inquirer.net BUDGET carrier Cebu Pacific has asked government regulators for the reassignment of key flight entitlements to Taiwan, currently allocated but not being used by flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL). Documents from the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
Taiwan Banks to Offer Yuan Deposits, Loans in Domestic Market Bloomberg Taiwan banks will be able to take deposits of and make loans in Chinese yuan by the Lunar New Year as part of an agreement to facilitate greater use of the currency across the Taiwan Strait. Individuals will be allowed to deposit up to 20,000 yuan ($3 ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
Diaoyutai Serves as Backdrop for Taiwan Drill DefenseNews.com The annual Combat Readiness Tri-Service Exercises are held before the beginning of each Chinese New Year, as a message to China and other potential adversaries that Taiwan remains alert during a time of celebration when much of the government is ... See all stories on this topic » | ||
China extradites Taiwan suspect in Chen shooting South China Morning Post Taiwanese former president Chen Shui-bian. Photo: AP. A fugitive accused of modifying a gun and making the bullets used to shoot and injure Taiwan's former president Chen Shui-bian in 2004 was extradited to the island from China on Friday, police said. |
戰時臺灣拓殖株式會社與東臺灣的開發
文/林玉茹
作者現為中央研究院臺灣史研究所研究員
臺灣的花蓮與臺東兩地,受中央山脈阻隔,位於山後,向來被視為後山。日治時期則專以「東臺灣」指稱。該區域由於中央山脈和海岸山脈的隔離,以及自然和人文條件不佳,從來處於臺灣政治、經濟邊區的位置。1930年代中葉,在東部開發論高漲和中日戰爭爆發之後,東臺灣才在國家與企業共構之下積極展開產業開發計畫。
昭和11年(1936)
末,擁有帝國和殖民政府賦予的眾多特權、官民合資的超大拓殖型國策會社臺灣拓殖株式會社(以下簡稱臺拓)成立。該社以經營臺灣島內與華南、南洋地區拓殖事
業,提供拓殖資金為營業目的;並採取現代企業組織形式,擁有多重部門,且不斷發展出新事業,在臺灣、中國以及南洋地區新設眾多子會社或廣泛投資關係會社,
而成為一個超龐大的企業集團。臺拓在臺灣島內的經營,最特別的是肩負東部資源開發之重擔。
由於東部可以栽植日本紡織工業亟需的海島棉,又比西部適合栽培熱帶作物,以及擁有廣大官有未墾林野地,臺灣總督府與臺拓決定優先在該地推行熱帶栽培業。臺拓的開墾、栽培造林及移民事業最先且主要在東部展開,再逐步往西部地區推廣,投資事業比重亦長期位居全臺第二位。
昭和12年(1937)7月,臺拓首先在臺東廳設置出張所(辦事處),以農林和移民事業為重點。與臺灣西部或華南、南洋地區經營架構相較,西部與島外地區最後大半升格成支店;東部則始終維持出張所位階,層級較低,邊區的經營系統自成一格,也顯現該地事業規模擴張有限。
臺拓在東部的經營策略,隨著日本帝國戰略的變化,大概以昭和15年(1940)
為界分成前後兩個階段;又因地域資源不等,有明顯的空間布局差異。創社之初,因臺東廳荒地最多、更適合栽植軍需熱帶作物、擁有優良的作物品種和東部唯一的
農產試驗場,又是山地開發重地,而被臺拓規劃為熱帶栽培業的試驗地,並投資或新設臺東興發、臺灣棉花以及星規那三個拓殖型會社。產業布局產生明顯的「重臺
東輕花蓮」現象,在組織架構與人事安排上也反映此特色。此外,為了配合以農林為重的事業性質、及早獲得成效,東部機構初創時從所長至基層職員主要來自地方
政府的產業技術官僚,「現地採用」主義明顯,出張所組織也沿用官方編制,充分展現臺拓邊區組織的官方依存色彩。
自昭和13年至19年(1938-1944),
臺拓陸續在臺東和花蓮港兩廳設置八個開墾事業地,三個栽培造林事業地以及大武山地開發事業地,進行開墾、栽培造林以及移民事業。臺東廳事業地不但最多,且
以棉作為主,花蓮港廳則著眼於苧麻栽植。開墾事業雖然以開荒優先,但是初期計畫大半墾成地必須栽種棉花、苧麻、蓖麻、黃麻等國策作物,以軍需熱帶作物栽培
為重心的傾向甚為顯著。栽培事業則完全配合帝國和總督府戰時農業增產政策,戰略價值更高,也隨時局轉變而調整栽培作物。最初不斷嘗試各種南洋原產、非臺灣
原生的軍需新作物。
為了全面開發東臺灣,臺拓也直接自西部引入漢人來擔綱開荒和軍需指定作物栽培之任務。新興作物大多先由移民試作,再對外推廣。臺拓之所以在東部進行本島人(臺灣漢人)移民,主要因該地的內地人(日本人)移民成效不佳,本島人移民則較成功,且更熟悉熱帶作物栽植。然而,由於東部邊際土地的拓墾環境惡劣,移民離去頻繁,移民事業成果並未達到創社時之預期。
除了直屬的農墾事業之外,昭和12年至13年(1937-1938),
臺拓在臺東廳投資或新設三個拓殖企業。臺東興發是第一個設立的拓殖型會社,主要由在地日本企業家出資,臺拓採取培養投資模式支援。該社以協調東部勞力為事
業重點,特別是依賴地方廳給予的特權分配原住民勞力,但一旦官方收回特權,立刻面臨經營困境,終戰前已經倒閉。由此可見,經過日本領臺四十餘年的發展,東
部在地資本仍相當薄弱,東部開發顯然需要國家或是日本內地大資本之挹注。相對地,臺拓卻以全額或高額投資、設立子會社形式,直接或漸進地掌控臺灣棉花會社
和星規那會社的經營權,而主導臺灣、華南及南洋地區棉花和金雞納樹(規那)事業之發展。兩個會社的營運也漸入佳境。不過,臺灣棉花原本企圖以發展東部高級的海島棉為目標,最後卻功敗垂成。
除了前期以臺東廳熱帶栽培業為核心的產業布局之外,昭和13年(1938)後半之後,配合日本帝國軍需重化工業急遽擴張之需,花蓮港廳作為臺拓東部工礦業中心的地位逐漸浮現,加以廳內苧麻業發展順利,「重花蓮輕臺東」現象也日趨顯著。
後期重化工業的展開仍是一種資源確保的戰略,並企圖結合南洋原料來發展臺灣工業。殖民政府企圖以花蓮港廳作為東部工業化基地,首要關鍵是昭和14年(1939)完成花蓮港建港工程,得以將南洋原料運到東臺灣製造,加以廳內有豐富的水力發電潛力、廣大的臨港工業區,以及地下資源蘊藏豐富。昭和13年至16年(1938-1941),
臺拓配合帝國中央和殖民政府的生產力擴充計畫,先後投資或新設製造鎳輕金屬的東邦金屬株式會社、生產尿素石膏肥料的新興窒素(氮肥)株式會社、採掘金礦的
臺灣產金株式會社以及生產日本帝國圈內唯一石綿製品的臺灣石綿株式會社等四大重化工業會社。由於產業的國策性高低不一,帝國和殖民政府的支援和資源分配有
別,這些會社的營運成效也大不相同。東邦金屬和臺灣石綿因始終被列為生產力擴充的重點會社,獲得殖民政府全力支持,並接受來自帝國中央的指令,營運成效最
佳。臺灣產金最初雖被列入重點企業,卻因決戰時期銅礦比金礦生產更重要,而遭到解散。新興窒素所生產的尿素石膏始終未被列入帝國的生產力擴充計畫,僅是殖
民政府所提倡的產業,一開始即嚴重受限於戰時資材不足而遲遲未能展開,最後並被三菱財閥所吞併。臺拓東部工礦業的發展,充分展現戰時臺灣工業化在日本帝國
戰略布局中的計畫性和統制性。
1930年代中葉臺拓的進入,無疑地對從來位於殖民地邊區的東臺灣投下震撼彈。首先,臺拓進入之前,東部兩廳是低度開發、資本及勞力相當不足的地域。企業現代化和資本主義化的程度更位居全臺末位,昭和12年(1937)以前,花
蓮港廳全部企業的總資本額不過五百餘萬圓。然而,之後,在臺拓帶頭之下,熱帶栽培業和軍需重化工業的勃興,成功地引入日本內地大企業來該地發展,資本規模
動輒以百萬、千萬圓計。另一方面,戰爭時期進駐花蓮港廳的工礦業會社,不僅合作開發東部地區的水力發電,而且帶來現代化的企業經營模式及技術,奠定了戰後
花蓮工業化的基礎。第二,東臺灣產業原來以米、蔗作農業為主,隨著熱帶栽培業和工業化的大力推行,產業轉向多元化、計畫化發展。第三,1930年代以前,東部一直很難吸引大批集團移民移入,不論是官營或是私營移民的成效均相當有限。然而,1930年代中葉之後,以臺拓為首,新興企業積極推動集團移民,又因提供大量就業機會與生機,吸引自由移民移入,導致東部人口遽增近2倍,
並出現不少新聚落。花蓮港市則是戰爭時局之下全新打造的工業都市,並取代臺東街成為東部的區域中心,奠定了日治末期至戰後花蓮市的地位。第四,原來花東兩
廳產業均以農業生產為主,卻因戰時殖民政府配合帝國的戰略布局,在臺拓帶頭之下,形成「農業臺東,工業花蓮」產業異途發展之意象。
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