2013年1月25日 星期五

Past and Present of Taiwan, samples

 

China, Taiwan Sign Yuan-Clearing Deal
Wall Street Journal
Individuals in Taiwan will be permitted to convert up to 20,000 yuan (US$3,186) and transfer up to 80,000 yuan to China a day, as Beijing continues to keep a tight grip on its capital account. Taiwanese banks and institutions are also allowed to clear ...
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US scholar urges dramatic rethink on Taiwan
Channel News Asia
WASHINGTON: With Beijing growing in strength, a US scholar is calling for a major rethink on Taiwan in which the island would cut its troop numbers in half and rebrand its army as a self-defence force. The proposal marks a rare break from the ...
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Yuan trade to start in Taiwan in weeks
South China Morning Post
The People's Bank of China signed a clearing agreement with the BOC branch yesterday, under which Taiwan residents would be allowed to deal in yuan-denominated assets such as deposits, loans and yuan investments. Taiwan's central bank said in a ...
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Taiwan ratchets up sovereignty claims to Senkaku Islands
Asahi Shimbun
The fishing boat, accompanied by four Taiwanese cutters, entered the contiguous zone off Japan's territorial waters around the islands, but was chased off by the Japan Coast Guard using a water cannon. The uninhabited islands, called Diaoyutai in ...
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Lights, camera, action: Taiwan
Taiwan Today
Academy Award-winning director Ang Lee handed Taiwan a lofty cinematic compliment during a news conference Jan. 19 in Taipei City when he said that his latest celluloid offering “Life of Pi” could never have been filmed anywhere else. The US$120 ...
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Taiwan Today
CebuPac eyes PAL's unused seats to Taiwan
Inquirer.net
BUDGET carrier Cebu Pacific has asked government regulators for the reassignment of key flight entitlements to Taiwan, currently allocated but not being used by flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL). Documents from the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB ...
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Taiwan Banks to Offer Yuan Deposits, Loans in Domestic Market
Bloomberg
Taiwan banks will be able to take deposits of and make loans in Chinese yuan by the Lunar New Year as part of an agreement to facilitate greater use of the currency across the Taiwan Strait. Individuals will be allowed to deposit up to 20,000 yuan ($3 ...
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Diaoyutai Serves as Backdrop for Taiwan Drill
DefenseNews.com
The annual Combat Readiness Tri-Service Exercises are held before the beginning of each Chinese New Year, as a message to China and other potential adversaries that Taiwan remains alert during a time of celebration when much of the government is ...
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China extradites Taiwan suspect in Chen shooting
South China Morning Post
Taiwanese former president Chen Shui-bian. Photo: AP. A fugitive accused of modifying a gun and making the bullets used to shoot and injure Taiwan's former president Chen Shui-bian in 2004 was extradited to the island from China on Friday, police said.

 

 

戰時臺灣拓殖株式會社與東臺灣的開發

/林玉茹
作者現為中央研究院臺灣史研究所研究員
臺灣的花蓮與臺東兩地,受中央山脈阻隔,位於山後,向來被視為後山。日治時期則專以「東臺灣」指稱。該區域由於中央山脈和海岸山脈的隔離,以及自然和人文條件不佳,從來處於臺灣政治、經濟邊區的位置。1930年代中葉,在東部開發論高漲和中日戰爭爆發之後,東臺灣才在國家與企業共構之下積極展開產業開發計畫。
昭和11年(1936) 末,擁有帝國和殖民政府賦予的眾多特權、官民合資的超大拓殖型國策會社臺灣拓殖株式會社(以下簡稱臺拓)成立。該社以經營臺灣島內與華南、南洋地區拓殖事 業,提供拓殖資金為營業目的;並採取現代企業組織形式,擁有多重部門,且不斷發展出新事業,在臺灣、中國以及南洋地區新設眾多子會社或廣泛投資關係會社, 而成為一個超龐大的企業集團。臺拓在臺灣島內的經營,最特別的是肩負東部資源開發之重擔。
由於東部可以栽植日本紡織工業亟需的海島棉,又比西部適合栽培熱帶作物,以及擁有廣大官有未墾林野地,臺灣總督府與臺拓決定優先在該地推行熱帶栽培業。臺拓的開墾、栽培造林及移民事業最先且主要在東部展開,再逐步往西部地區推廣,投資事業比重亦長期位居全臺第二位。
昭和12年(19377月,臺拓首先在臺東廳設置出張所(辦事處),以農林和移民事業為重點。與臺灣西部或華南、南洋地區經營架構相較,西部與島外地區最後大半升格成支店;東部則始終維持出張所位階,層級較低,邊區的經營系統自成一格,也顯現該地事業規模擴張有限。

臺 拓在東部的基本管理系統是以臺東與花蓮 2 個出張所為主,最初僅設立臺東出張所,統籌東部事業。經營機構隨著東部業務的擴張,陸續增加花蓮出張所與苧麻事業所。臺東出張所原僅設置幾個職員負責業 務,並管理各事業地。1940 年代之後,組織才逐漸完備。與臺拓在島內其他分支機構相比,臺中、臺南、高雄各支店及新竹出張所大抵以總務、土地以及拓殖三課為基本架構,再隨各地業務特 質不同新增其他課,並於課下置股。很明顯地,東部出張所的組織架構不但顯示其事業特色與西部不同,自成一格;另一方面,各課之下並未設股,規模比西部小。 〈臺灣拓殖株式會社臺東出張所〉,櫻田三郎編,《臺灣拓殖株式會社事業概觀》,年份:1940。圖片提供者:中央研究院臺灣史研究所,網站名稱:日治時期 臺灣研究古籍資料庫。
臺拓在東部的經營策略,隨著日本帝國戰略的變化,大概以昭和15年(1940) 為界分成前後兩個階段;又因地域資源不等,有明顯的空間布局差異。創社之初,因臺東廳荒地最多、更適合栽植軍需熱帶作物、擁有優良的作物品種和東部唯一的 農產試驗場,又是山地開發重地,而被臺拓規劃為熱帶栽培業的試驗地,並投資或新設臺東興發、臺灣棉花以及星規那三個拓殖型會社。產業布局產生明顯的「重臺 東輕花蓮」現象,在組織架構與人事安排上也反映此特色。此外,為了配合以農林為重的事業性質、及早獲得成效,東部機構初創時從所長至基層職員主要來自地方 政府的產業技術官僚,「現地採用」主義明顯,出張所組織也沿用官方編制,充分展現臺拓邊區組織的官方依存色彩。
自昭和13年至19年(1938-1944), 臺拓陸續在臺東和花蓮港兩廳設置八個開墾事業地,三個栽培造林事業地以及大武山地開發事業地,進行開墾、栽培造林以及移民事業。臺東廳事業地不但最多,且 以棉作為主,花蓮港廳則著眼於苧麻栽植。開墾事業雖然以開荒優先,但是初期計畫大半墾成地必須栽種棉花、苧麻、蓖麻、黃麻等國策作物,以軍需熱帶作物栽培 為重心的傾向甚為顯著。栽培事業則完全配合帝國和總督府戰時農業增產政策,戰略價值更高,也隨時局轉變而調整栽培作物。最初不斷嘗試各種南洋原產、非臺灣 原生的軍需新作物。

圖 中的初鹿事業地是臺拓在東部兩個面積最大事業地之一(初鹿、大里)。戰時經濟體制下重視未墾荒地的開墾與利用,臺拓在東臺灣的開墾事業即在「開發荒地成農 耕地」這樣的背景下展開。臺拓開墾事業地主要是從前未善加利用的淺山丘陵地與河川荒廢地等邊際地帶,尤以丘陵地居多。臺拓對開墾事業地的經營,分成委託經 營和直營兩種方式。無論是直營或是委託經營,在初期規劃中臺拓均指定栽培作物。〈臺東廳初鹿事業地870甲の一部〉,櫻田三郎編,《臺灣拓殖株式會社事業 概觀》,年份:1940。圖片提供者:中央研究院臺灣史研究所,網站名稱:日治時期臺灣研究古籍資料庫。
為了全面開發東臺灣,臺拓也直接自西部引入漢人來擔綱開荒和軍需指定作物栽培之任務。新興作物大多先由移民試作,再對外推廣。臺拓之所以在東部進行本島人(臺灣漢人)移民,主要因該地的內地人(日本人)移民成效不佳,本島人移民則較成功,且更熟悉熱帶作物栽植。然而,由於東部邊際土地的拓墾環境惡劣,移民離去頻繁,移民事業成果並未達到創社時之預期。
除了直屬的農墾事業之外,昭和12年至13年(1937-1938), 臺拓在臺東廳投資或新設三個拓殖企業。臺東興發是第一個設立的拓殖型會社,主要由在地日本企業家出資,臺拓採取培養投資模式支援。該社以協調東部勞力為事 業重點,特別是依賴地方廳給予的特權分配原住民勞力,但一旦官方收回特權,立刻面臨經營困境,終戰前已經倒閉。由此可見,經過日本領臺四十餘年的發展,東 部在地資本仍相當薄弱,東部開發顯然需要國家或是日本內地大資本之挹注。相對地,臺拓卻以全額或高額投資、設立子會社形式,直接或漸進地掌控臺灣棉花會社 和星規那會社的經營權,而主導臺灣、華南及南洋地區棉花和金雞納樹(規那)事業之發展。兩個會社的營運也漸入佳境。不過,臺灣棉花原本企圖以發展東部高級的海島棉為目標,最後卻功敗垂成。

準 戰體制急遽升高之後,棉花因是國民生活和國防必需品,得自給自足,臺灣總督府遂基於多年來的試驗成果,試圖在臺灣推行棉花栽植。昭和 11 年(1936),棉花已成為臺拓計畫在東臺灣發展的首要事業。昭和 12 年(1937)4 月,決定設立臺拓子會社臺灣棉花株式會社,甚至一度計畫將本社置於臺東街。由此可見,臺東廳在臺拓整體棉花事業中最初的布局和重要性。然而,實際進行時, 因事業規模不及西部,棉花栽培又不順利,臺棉最後轉以西部作為事業重心。〈臺灣棉花株式會社臺東工場と宿舍〉,櫻田三郎編,《臺灣拓殖株式會社事業概 觀》,年份:1940。圖片提供者:中央研究院臺灣史研究所,網站名稱:日治時期臺灣研究古籍資料庫。
除了前期以臺東廳熱帶栽培業為核心的產業布局之外,昭和13年(1938)後半之後,配合日本帝國軍需重化工業急遽擴張之需,花蓮港廳作為臺拓東部工礦業中心的地位逐漸浮現,加以廳內苧麻業發展順利,「重花蓮輕臺東」現象也日趨顯著。
後期重化工業的展開仍是一種資源確保的戰略,並企圖結合南洋原料來發展臺灣工業。殖民政府企圖以花蓮港廳作為東部工業化基地,首要關鍵是昭和14年(1939)完成花蓮港建港工程,得以將南洋原料運到東臺灣製造,加以廳內有豐富的水力發電潛力、廣大的臨港工業區,以及地下資源蘊藏豐富。昭和13年至16年(1938-1941), 臺拓配合帝國中央和殖民政府的生產力擴充計畫,先後投資或新設製造鎳輕金屬的東邦金屬株式會社、生產尿素石膏肥料的新興窒素(氮肥)株式會社、採掘金礦的 臺灣產金株式會社以及生產日本帝國圈內唯一石綿製品的臺灣石綿株式會社等四大重化工業會社。由於產業的國策性高低不一,帝國和殖民政府的支援和資源分配有 別,這些會社的營運成效也大不相同。東邦金屬和臺灣石綿因始終被列為生產力擴充的重點會社,獲得殖民政府全力支持,並接受來自帝國中央的指令,營運成效最 佳。臺灣產金最初雖被列入重點企業,卻因決戰時期銅礦比金礦生產更重要,而遭到解散。新興窒素所生產的尿素石膏始終未被列入帝國的生產力擴充計畫,僅是殖 民政府所提倡的產業,一開始即嚴重受限於戰時資材不足而遲遲未能展開,最後並被三菱財閥所吞併。臺拓東部工礦業的發展,充分展現戰時臺灣工業化在日本帝國 戰略布局中的計畫性和統制性。

花 蓮港築港工程於昭和6年(1931)開工,於昭和14年(1940)竣工,臺拓於該年10月將之前成立的東邦金屬製鍊株式會社與新興窒素工業株式會社會址 分別於東京與臺北移至花蓮港街,並且再設立了臺灣產金株式會社,又於昭和16年(1941)設立臺灣石綿株式會社。換言之,昭和 14 年(1939)以降,隨著築港完成與軍需工業的發展,花蓮港廳的地位才逐漸凌駕臺東廳之上,成為東部工業發展基地。〈臺灣花蓮港停車場〉,片山發行,年 份:1939。圖片提供者:中央研究院臺灣史研究所,網站名稱:臺灣史檔案資源系統。

黑 金通(今中山路)為花蓮港街由中央山脈直通海岸的連結大路,除了是重要的會社所在地之外,花蓮港廳治和鐵道出張所均位於此。為日治末期重要會社所在地。昭 和 13 年(1938)末,花蓮港因為築港即將完成、擁有豐富的發電潛力、廣大的工業區以及獨特蘊藏的地下資源,促使日系大會社陸續進駐花蓮港臨港工業區,該地於 是成為東臺灣的工業中心。〈花蓮港驛前黑金通〉,片山發行,年份:1939。圖片提供者:中央研究院臺灣史研究所,網站名稱:臺灣史檔案資源系統。
1930年代中葉臺拓的進入,無疑地對從來位於殖民地邊區的東臺灣投下震撼彈。首先,臺拓進入之前,東部兩廳是低度開發、資本及勞力相當不足的地域。企業現代化和資本主義化的程度更位居全臺末位,昭和12年(1937)以前花 蓮港廳全部企業的總資本額不過五百餘萬圓。然而,之後,在臺拓帶頭之下,熱帶栽培業和軍需重化工業的勃興,成功地引入日本內地大企業來該地發展,資本規模 動輒以百萬、千萬圓計。另一方面,戰爭時期進駐花蓮港廳的工礦業會社,不僅合作開發東部地區的水力發電,而且帶來現代化的企業經營模式及技術,奠定了戰後 花蓮工業化的基礎。第二,東臺灣產業原來以米、蔗作農業為主,隨著熱帶栽培業和工業化的大力推行,產業轉向多元化、計畫化發展。第三,1930年代以前,東部一直很難吸引大批集團移民移入,不論是官營或是私營移民的成效均相當有限。然而,1930年代中葉之後,以臺拓為首,新興企業積極推動集團移民,又因提供大量就業機會與生機,吸引自由移民移入,導致東部人口遽增近2倍, 並出現不少新聚落。花蓮港市則是戰爭時局之下全新打造的工業都市,並取代臺東街成為東部的區域中心,奠定了日治末期至戰後花蓮市的地位。第四,原來花東兩 廳產業均以農業生產為主,卻因戰時殖民政府配合帝國的戰略布局,在臺拓帶頭之下,形成「農業臺東,工業花蓮」產業異途發展之意象。

臺 拓在東臺灣的移民事業乃為了開墾事業和栽培造林事業提供勞力。自昭和 13 年(1938) 1月 25 日初鹿事業地移民進駐開始至民國 35 年(1946),臺拓共在東部 8 個事業地進行本島人移民事業,即萬里橋、鶴岡、長良、大里、新開園、萬安、都蘭、初鹿等地。這些事業地主要種植棉花、苧麻,後隨時局演變,陸續增加蓖麻、 黃麻、洋麻、大麥為指定種植作物。由於東部的事業地主要是淺山丘陵地和河灘荒廢地,開墾相當困難,移民離去頻仍。臺拓的移民事業,仍是東部移民史上最大規 模的本島人集體農業移民,具有濃厚的軍需政策性移民特質。〈臺東廳都蘭における西部本島人の移住村の一部〉,櫻田三郎編,《臺灣拓殖株式會社事業概觀》, 年份:1940。圖片提供者:中央研究院臺灣史研究所,網站名稱:日治時期臺灣研究古籍資料庫。
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Japanese Coast Guard vessels fired water cannons at a Taiwanese boat to keep a group of activists from landing on East China Sea islands at the center of a dispute that's strained ties between Japan and China. The Taiwanese boat left the area along ...
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HTC unveils 'entry-level' Desire U in Taiwan
Focus Taiwan News Channel
The Android-powered smartphone hit store shelves in Taiwan Thursday at price of NT$7,990 (US$275) and will be available worldwide later this year, the Taoyuan-based company said. Chunghwa Telecom Co., Taiwan's first telecom operator to sell the ...
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Ma seeks expanded cross-strait dialogue
Taiwan Today
The event, held at the Grand Hotel in Taipei City, coincided with World Freedom Day, which is celebrated in the ROC and South Korea to mark the decision of 14,000 People's Liberation Army soldiers to go to Taiwan instead of mainland China after being ...
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Taiwan Today
Taiwan enters fray in China, Japan sea dispute
Aljazeera.com
Tensions are escalating anew in the East China Sea, as Japan's coastguard fired water cannon to repel a Taiwanese fishing boat, entering the waters around a group of disputed islands. Some fear the fight between Japan, Taiwan and China over the islands ...
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News9 new results for TAIWAN
Give us our daily Apple
The Economist (blog)
WAVING black-and-red flags emblazoned with the word “fury”, a sea of nearly 100,000 supporters of the opposition flooded the grounds outside the office of Taiwan's president on January 13th. They formed the largest protest against the president, Ma ...
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The Economist (blog)
DaVita continues push abroad with Taiwan deal
ModernHealthcare.com
The company said in a news release that it plans to service four dialysis clinics in Taiwan through a joint venture with Riches Healthcare that will form a new entity known as DaVita Taiwan. The clinics are in or near Taipei and provide hemodialysis ...
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China allows more direct flights from Taiwan
Huffington Post
Taiwan's Civil Aeronautics Administration said Monday that China agreed to let 14 more Chinese cities fly direct regular or charter flights to Taiwan, up from the current 40 cities. This will allow Taiwan to have direct air links with more Chinese ...
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Business in Taiwan's Wowprime brisk despite slowing economy
Channel News Asia
Business in Taiwan's Wowprime brisk despite slowing economy. By Victoria Jen | Posted: 21 January 2013 1746 hrs. A cafe from Wowprime Group in Taiwan. Click to enlarge, Photos, of. Video. Business in Taiwan's Wowprime brisk despite slowing economy ...
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Taiwan enjoyed 36% growth in grouper exports in 2012
Focus Taiwan News Channel
21 (CNA) Taiwan's agricultural exports did well in 2012, thanks to a surge in the export of groupers from local fish farms, according to a report released Monday by the Cabinet-level Council of Agriculture (COA). Exports of Taiwan-bred groupers, a high ...
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Presenting: Traditional Japanese Onsen Hotels... in Taiwan 【Giant Photo Gallery】
ROCKETNEWS24
We know that Taiwan is a firm holiday favourite for Japanese tourists who shy away from travelling too far out of their comfort zone, but surely this is going a little bit too far? The following three locations feature everything that you'd expect from ...
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ROCKETNEWS24
Hot ticket sales for Taiwan games at 2013 World Baseball Classic
Focus Taiwan News Channel
21 (CNA) Tickets for the opening game of the 2013 World Baseball Classic (WBC) were almost sold out Sunday, with other games featuring Taiwan also popular, the tournament promoter said Monday. More than 18,000 of the 20,000 tickets available for the ...
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Taiwan's China Steel 2012 Pretax Profit Down 70%
Fox Business
The company said in a statement it recorded a pretax profit of 6.13 billion New Taiwan dollars (US$212 million) in 2012, down sharply from NT$20.285 billion in the previous year. For the three months ended Dec. 31, China Steel recorded a pretax profit ...
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Population migration drops year on year in Taiwan
Taiwan Today
Taiwan's domestic and international population migration numbers decreased last year, according to Ministry of the Interior's Department of Statistics Jan. 19. Net domestic migration dropped to 1.74 million in 2012, down 1 percent from the year before ...
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