開羅宣言[編輯] Wikipedia 此條目竟然無日文版。
12月1日,三國發布開羅宣言。宣言由羅斯福的特別助理哈里·霍普金斯草擬,經羅斯福修正,再由邱吉爾修改,始行決定[6]:67。開羅宣言聲稱此次戰爭的目的,在於制止和懲罰日本的侵略[9]:693,重申中國四強之一的地位,指出「日本於九一八事變後自中國侵佔的領土(包括旅順、大連租借地)及台灣、澎湖,應歸還中華民國」,「日本在華之公私產業,以及日本之商船應完全由中國政府接收」;朝鮮「於戰後得重建自由獨立」[5]:43,「以適當方式成為自由和獨立的國家」[8]:480。開羅宣言第一次要求日本必須「無條件投降」,全部歸還中國被日本搶去的失地,歸還日本本土以外的領地,即把庫頁島歸還蘇聯,日本在太平洋的託管地則交給美國[4]:609。羅斯福稿中,於「進攻日本計畫」句中,提及「由中國及東南亞進攻」之路線,邱吉爾修正稿將此數字刪去。邱吉爾解釋說,孟加拉灣的登陸行動,須調動登陸艦艇,會阻礙諾曼第登陸計劃[6]:67。
開羅會議明確提出對日本的要求。開羅宣言公布後,日皇召集御前會議,會上溫和派勢力抬頭,1944年10月,前首相近衛文麿弟弟近衛忠麿透過乙酉社,根據開羅宣言與重慶秘密議和[10]:3186。1945年7月,中、英、美三國的波茨坦公告,對日作最後通牒,亦以開羅宣言為招降的基礎[2]:2。戰略方面,開羅會議意義有限,史達林在德黑蘭會議承諾加入對日作戰,使反攻緬甸以至東南亞的軍事行動都不再重要。到1945年,援華物資才從史迪威公路開入中國,那時這些東西亦已無足輕重[1]:367。在1950年國共內戰後,美國派遣第7艦隊使台灣海峽中立化,杜魯門指出開羅宣言聲明台灣將歸還中華民國,成為美國插手國共內戰的理由[1]:483、485。
為期五天的開羅會議,會後發表宣言要點為「共同對日作戰,至日本無條件投降為止;所有日本竊奪之中國領土,如東北、台灣、澎湖群島,須歸還中華民國;朝鮮應使其獨立」,但卻未見代表在《開羅宣言》上簽名,因此認定世上根本就不存在「開羅宣言」法律文件。特別是近年來有人認為《開羅宣言》只能算得上是份「新聞公報」(Press Communique)而已,值得注意之後續發展是美國國務院在一九五八年竟對外指出「…在開羅會議中,美、英、中公佈”意願”將滿洲、台澎歸還中國。…」但卻「並無任何條約將台灣的主權轉移給中國。…」及「…現在的狀況為,同盟國仍需協議某種協定或條約來定位台灣的地位。…」致使部分人士迄今質疑《開羅宣言》,一九五五年,邱吉爾竟在國會答詢時否認《開羅宣言》有此承諾!!!
The Cairo Conference (codenamed Sextant[1]) of November 22–26, 1943, held in Cairo,Egypt, outlined the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. The meeting was attended by President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, and GeneralissimoChiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin did not attend the conference because his meeting with Chiang could have caused friction between the Soviet Union and Japan. (The Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of 1941 was a five-year agreement of neutrality between the two nations; in 1943 the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan, whereas China, the U.K. and the U.S. were.)
The Cairo meeting was held at a residence of the American Ambassador to Egypt,Alexander Kirk, near the Pyramids.[2]
The Cairo Declaration was issued on 27 November 1943 and released in a Cairo Communiqué through radio on 1 December 1943,[3]stating the Allies' intentions to continue deploying military force until Japan's unconditional surrender. The main clauses of the Cairo Declaration are that the three great allies are fighting this war to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan, they covet no gain for themselves and won't involve themselves in territorial expansion wars after the conflict, "Japan be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914", "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, including Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China", Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed and that "in due course Korea shall become free and independent".
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