Obama and Xi Jinping of China Agree to Steps on Cybertheft
By JULIE HIRSCHFELD DAVIS and DAVID E. SANGER September 26, 2015
習奧會成果未達預期，關鍵議題分歧難消
JULIE HIRSCHFELD DAVIS, DAVID E. SANGER 2015年9月26日
WASHINGTON — President Obama and President Xi Jinping of China took their first concrete steps on Friday toward reining in the rising threat of cyberattacks between the world’s two largest economies, pledging that their governments would refrain from computer-enabled theft of intellectual property for commercial gain even as Mr. Obama suggested that he might still impose sanctions if rampant Chinese hacking persisted.
華盛頓——美國總統奧巴馬和中國國家主席習近平，周五為遏制這兩個世界最大經濟體之間，日益加劇的網絡攻擊威脅，採取了第一步切實的努力，宣稱兩國政府將進行克制，不為了商業利益而利用電腦竊取知識產權。不過奧巴馬仍然提出，如果中國猖獗的黑客行為持續下去，他可能還是會採取制裁。
With Mr. Xi standing beside him at a Rose Garden news conference, Mr. Obama said the two had reached a “common understanding” that neither the United States nor China should engage in state-sponsored cyberintrusions to poach intellectual property, and that they would together seek “international rules of the road for appropriate conduct in cyberspace.”
在白宮玫瑰園舉行的新聞發佈會上，習近平與他並肩站立。奧巴馬錶示，兩人已經達成「共識」，美國和中國都不應該為了竊取知識產權，而開展政府支持的網絡入侵行為，雙方將共同尋求「就網絡空間的適當行為方式，達成國際規則」。
But Mr. Obama said that he had told the Chinese president during two hours of meetings at the White House that the escalating cycle of cyberattacks against American targets “has to stop,” warning Mr. Xi that the United States would go after and punish perpetrators of those offenses through traditional law enforcement tools and, potentially, with sanctions.
但奧巴馬稱，他在白宮舉行的長達兩小時的會晤中，曾對習近平表示，針對美國目標發動的日益加劇的網絡攻擊「必須停止」，他還警告習近平，美國將會通過傳統的執法手段，追查並懲罰那些入侵行為的實施者，而且可能採取制裁措施。
Doug Mills/The New York Times
周五，在白宮的歡迎儀式上，奧巴馬總統和習近平主席向孩子們致意。兩位領導人隨後進行了兩個小時的會談。
“The question now is, ‘Are words followed by actions?’ ”Mr. Obama said of China’s commitments on cyberthreats. “And we will be watching carefully to make an assessment as to whether progress has been made in this area.”
「現在的問題是，表態之後是否有行動？」奧巴馬談到中國對網絡攻擊做出的承諾時說。「我們會密切關注，並評估這一領域是否取得了進展。」
It was the third set of meetings between Mr. Obama and Mr. Xi in the last three years, and it came at a potential pivot point in United States-China relations, with the Obama administration determined to find areas where it can cooperate with Beijing but increasingly wary of its behavior. Besides their meeting at the White House, the two presidents spent more than two and a half hours together Thursday night at a private dinner at Blair House, across from the White House.
這是奧巴馬和習近平在過去三年里開展的第三輪會談。此次會談舉行之際，美中關係可能也走到了一個轉折點：奧巴馬政府決心尋找一些可以與北京方面合作的領域，但對中方的行動卻日益警惕。除了在白宮舉行的會晤之外，這兩位國家領導人周四晚間還在白宮對面的布萊爾國賓館(Blair House)，花超過兩個半小時共進晚餐。
At their news conference, both Mr. Obama and Mr. Xi made an effort to demonstrate that they had made progress on curbing cyberattacks, even as they skirted direct references to some of the most contentious issues, including the United States’ claim that China was behind the theft of security dossiers on roughly 22 million Americans from the Office of Personnel Management.
在新聞發佈會上，奧巴馬和習近平努力展示他們在約束網絡攻擊方面取得了進展，不過他們並沒有直接提及一些爭議最嚴重的議題，包括美國聲稱，人事管理辦公室(Office of Personnel Management)約2200萬名美國人的安全檔案被竊，系中國主使的指控。
“Confrontation and friction are not the right choice,” Mr. Xi said. “Confrontation will lead to losses on both sides.”
「對抗摩擦不是正確選項，」習近平說。「合則兩利，斗則雙輸。」
The pledge on cybersecurity — a hard-fought and not entirely expected bit of progress that was still under negotiation until the final hours before the two presidents met — came as Mr. Obama and Mr. Xi sought to spotlight their cooperation on the world stage.
奧巴馬和習近平對網絡安全做出承諾之時，雙方都尋求在世界舞台上展示二者的合作。由於雙方在這個議題上有激烈交鋒，外界並沒有料到這裡會取得什麼進展——談判一直持續到了兩位領導人會面前的最後幾個小時。
They hailed progress on
climate change, with Mr. Xi announcing a new commitment to start a national
cap-and-trade system in 2017 to curb greenhouse gas emissions, and both countries outlining ambitious goals for reaching a global climate pact at a December summit meeting in Paris, including winning commitments from every country to reduce emissions. They also celebrated their cooperation on the nuclear accord with Iran and said they were both committed to pressing ahead against the North Korean nuclear problem, which has defied solution for more than 20 years.
他們強調了在氣候變化領域取得的進展，習近平宣布了一項新承諾，即在2017年建立起一個全國性的碳排放交易系統，遏制溫室氣體的排放。為了在12月於巴黎舉行的峰會上達成全球氣候公約，兩國還提出了一些宏大的目標，包括爭取每個國家都做出減排承諾。他們還展示了雙方在伊朗核協議方面的合作，並表示雙方都將努力推進，應對朝鮮核問題。朝核問題久拖不決已經超過20年。
But there was ample evidence, even as Mr. Obama welcomed Mr. Xi with a 21-gun salute and a state dinner on Friday night, that the two nations remain deeply at odds on key issues.
儘管奧巴馬以21響禮炮歡迎習近平，並在周五晚間舉行國宴款待，但是仍然有大量證據顯示，這兩個國家在一些關鍵議題上存在很深的分歧。
Speaking in the Rose Garden, they clashed over China’s reclamation of islands in the South China Sea, which Mr. Xi defiantly defended, suggesting that China’s buildup on artificial islands in the strategic waterway would move ahead and flatly denying that it was militarizing any territory.
在白宮玫瑰園裡講話時，二人就中國在南海造島的做法唇槍舌劍，習近平不滿地做出了辯護，稱中國對這些處在戰略性航路上的人工島嶼開展的建設行為將會繼續下去，還斷然否認了會將任何土地用于軍事目的的說法。
Mr. Obama said he told Mr. Xi that he had “significant concerns” over the activities, “which makes it harder for countries in the region to resolve disagreements peacefully.” While the United States has no territorial claim in the waters, he added, “we just want to make sure that the rules of the road are upheld.”
奧巴馬稱，他告訴習近平，自己對那些活動「有着極大的擔憂」，稱那些活動會「讓地區內各國更難和平地解決分歧」。奧巴馬又補充道，雖然美國在那片海域沒有領土主張，「我們只是想確保行動規則能夠得到遵守」。
The Chinese president stuck to his guns, bluntly asserting, “We have the right to uphold our own territorial sovereignty and lawful and legitimate maritime rights and interests.” Mr. Xi said China’s construction activities “do not target or impact any country, and China does not intend to pursue militarization.”
習近平毫不讓步，直白地聲稱，「我們有權維護自己的領土主權和合法正當的海洋權益」。習近平說，中國的建設活動「不針對、不影響任何國家，也無意搞軍事化」。
The exchange underscored the degree to which Mr. Xi has in many ways confounded Mr. Obama’s hopes and expectations.
這段對話顯示了習近平在很多方面違背了奧巴馬的希望和期待。
“As the most powerful leader in China in decades, Mr. Xi presented an opportunity for greater collaboration,” said Bonnie S. Glaser, senior adviser on Asia at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Instead, he “turned out to be an ultranationalist, bent on achieving the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation even if it meant damaging ties with the U.S. as well as China’s neighbors.”
「作為中國幾十年來權力最大的領導人，習近平帶來了一個開展更大合作的機遇，」國際戰略研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)亞洲問題高級顧問邦妮·S·格拉澤(Bonnie S. Glaser)評價。可他原來是「一個極端民族主義者，極力要實現民族復興的中國夢，哪怕這意味着破壞與美國的關係，以及中國與鄰國的關係。」
In another point of friction, Mr. Obama said he had deep concerns over human rights in China, describing what sounded like a lecture he had given to Mr. Xi about the issue.
在另一個存在摩擦的問題上，奧巴馬錶示他對中國的人權狀況懷有深切的擔憂，其言辭彷彿是在給習近平上人權課。
“I expressed in candid terms our strong views that preventing journalists, lawyers, NGOs and civil society groups from operating freely, or closing churches or denying ethnic minorities equal treatment, are all problematic in our view, and actually prevent China and its people from realizing its full potential,” Mr. Obama said, using an acronym for nongovernmental organizations, which face strict restrictions under proposed legislation in China.
「我用坦率的措辭表達了以下強烈的觀點：不允許記者、律師、非政府組織、公民團體自由活動，關閉教堂、不允許少數民族享有同等待遇，這些做法在我們看來都是有問題的，這實際上也妨礙了中國及其民眾完全發揮自己的潛能，」奧巴馬錶示。中國擬議的立法草案對非政府組織做出了嚴格的限制。
The stern message elicited only a generic response from Mr. Xi, who said democracy and human rights were “the common procedure of mankind,” but then added, “We must recognize that countries have different historical processes and realities, that we need to respect people of all countries in the right to choose their own development independently.”
奧巴馬做出這一嚴厲表態之後，習近平只是泛泛地回應，「民主和人權是人類共同追求」。他又緊接着表示，「同時必須承認各國有不同歷史進程和現實國情，尊重各國人民自主選擇本國發展道路的權利。」
Even the agreement on cybersecurity left room for differences. The United States and China said they would cooperate with requests to investigate cybercrimes and, according to a White House fact sheet, “mitigate malicious cyberactivity emanating from their territory.” But while Mr. Obama said they had agreed on “the principle that governments don’t engage in cyberespionage for commercial gain against companies,” Mr. Xi said nothing of computer-enabled spying, speaking only of “cybercrime,” a narrower formulation.
即使是網絡安全領域達成的共識也給分歧留下了空間。白宮的一份情況說明稱，兩國表示將就調查網絡犯罪的請求開展合作，「緩解威脅兩國領土的惡意網絡活動」。然而儘管奧巴馬錶示，他們就「政府不應出於商業利益，針對企業開展網絡間諜活動這一原則」達成了共識，習近平並沒有談到利用電腦開展的間諜活動，而只是說「網絡犯罪」，這一表述的範圍更窄。
The two countries also embraced a United Nations accord, adopted in July, that commits the signatories not to target one another’s critical infrastructure — such as power plants, cellphone networks and financial transactions — in peacetime. But that leaves open many questions, since there are many definitions of what constitutes critical infrastructure.
兩國也都支持了聯合國於7月通過的一項條約，要求締約國不得在和平時期攻擊各自的關鍵基礎設施，如發電廠、移動通信網絡和金融交易系統。但它也遺留了很多問題，如哪些設施屬於關鍵基礎設施就存在很多定義。
The morning began with an elaborate White House welcome, complete with cannons reverberating across the South Lawn as a military band played “March of Volunteers,” the anthem of the People’s Republic of China since the 1949 revolution, and “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The two leaders strolled across the grass reviewing neat rows of troops, then stopped to shake hands with crowds of children waving American and Chinese flags, including some who attend Washington Yu Ying Academy, a Chinese immersion school.
早上第一個環節是白宮的歡迎儀式，禮炮在南草坪的一側鳴響，軍樂隊演奏了1949年革命後成立的中華人民共和國的國歌《義勇軍進行曲》和美國國歌《星條旗》(The Star-Spangled Banner)。兩位領導人走過草坪，檢閱了整齊有致的儀仗隊，之後與揮舞着美中兩國國旗的兒童握手。這些兒童包括華盛頓育英學校(Washington Yu Ying Academy)的學生，這所學校提供中文沉浸式教育。
Later, they announced a “One Million Strong” initiative that aims to have a million American students learning Mandarin by 2020.
之後，他們公布了一項「百萬強」(One Million Strong)計劃，目標是到2020年時，讓100萬名美國學生學習漢語。
Both pro- and anti-China protesters were kept a block from the White House throughout the meeting, and the day’s events went off without an incident like the heckling that so angered the Chinese when President George W. Bush hosted Mr. Xi’s predecessor, Hu Jintao,
in 2006.
在會晤期間，支持和反對中國政府的抗議者都被攔到了白宮周邊一個街區之外，白天的活動期間沒有發生
2006年那樣的事件。那一年，在喬治·W·布殊(George W. Bush)總統迎接上一任中國主席胡錦濤時，有抗議者鬧場，令中方十分惱火。
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