Ten
countries have three-quarters of the world's 30m slaves, according to
the first Global Slavery Index, published by Walk Free, a campaign based
in Australia and supported by philanthropists. Its definition of
slavery includes coerced work (including provision of sex) and children
forced into marriage. Data on these provide the indices for its ranking
of 162 countries http://econ.st/1arOxLz
India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria on slavery's list of shame, says report
By Tim Hume, CNN
October 18, 2013 -- Updated 0228 GMT (1028 HKT)
Moyna sits outside her home in the
town of Kalora, Bangladesh. As a 14-year-old, she found herself working
in an Indian brothel after being tricked into believing she had taken a
job in a steel factory.
10. Bangladesh
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
- A new report claims 30 million people are living as slaves globally
- India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria and Ethiopia had the most slaves
- Mauritania, Haiti, Pakistan, India and Nepal had the highest proportion of slaves
- The index is published by a group committed to stamping out slavery
Hong Kong (CNN) -- A new report claiming to be the
most comprehensive look at global slavery says 30 million people are
living as slaves around the world.
The
Global Slavery Index, published by the Australia-based
Walk Free Foundation, lists
India as the country with by far the most slaves, with an estimated nearly 14 million, followed by
China (2.9 million) and Pakistan (2.1 million).
The top 10 countries on
its list of shame accounted for more than three quarters of the 29.8
million people living in slavery, with Nigeria, Ethiopia,
Russia, Thailand,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar and
Bangladesh completing the list.
In terms of countries with the highest of proportion of slaves,
Mauritania in West Africa topped the table, with about
4% of its 3.4 million people enslaved, followed by
Haiti, Pakistan,
India and
Nepal.
The index, whose authors
claim it contains the most authoritative data on slavery conditions
worldwide, is the product of Australian mining magnate and
philanthropist Andrew Forrest's commitment to stamp out global slavery.
Tracking global slavery
30 million estimate 'conservative'
British woman trafficked by boyfriend
Forrest, ranked by Forbes
as Australia's fifth richest man, with an estimated net worth of $5.7
billion, adopted the cause after his daughter volunteered in an
orphanage in Nepal in 2008, where she encountered victims of child sex
trafficking. Forrest is a signatory to the Giving Pledge started by
billionaire investor Warren Buffett, whose members commit to donating at
least half their wealth to philanthropic causes.
The index, which draws on
10 years of research into slavery and was produced by a team of 4
authors supported by 22 other experts, is the inaugural edition of what
will be an annual report. It ranks 162 countries according to the number
of people living in slavery, the risk of enslavement and the robustness
of government responses to the problem.
Walk Free policy and
research manager Gina Dafalia told CNN the report was intended to shine a
spotlight on the issue, and quantify the extent of the problem in
different countries before anti-slavery initiatives were launched. So
far, she said, Walk Free, along with partners Humanity United and the
Legatum Foundation, had pledged a total of $100 million to stamp out the
practice.
"When we started working
in this area we realized that we didn't have a good understanding of
what exactly the situation of slavery is in the world," she said. "We
needed that information before we started doing any interventions."
The index gives a higher estimate of the global number of slaves than other reports --
a report by the International Labor Organization last year pegged the number at 20.9 million.
Dafalia said this was a
result of the Global Slavery Index using a broader definition of
slavery, which included human trafficking, forced labor, as well as
practices such as forced marriage, debt bondage and the exploitation of
children.
"Our definition of
modern slavery includes, for example, forced and servile marriage, a
concept not included in the ILO estimate, given the focus on 'forced
labor,'" she said.
The explicit definition
used in the report was "the possession and control of a person in such a
way as to significantly deprive that person of his or her individual
liberty, with the intent of exploiting that person through their use,
management, profit, transfer or disposal. Usually this exercise will be
achieved through means such as violence or threats of violence,
deception and/or coercion."
Kevin Bales, one of the report's authors and co-founder of
Free the Slaves,
said that the global number of slaves was difficult to quantify. But
through methods including random sample surveys, researchers were able
to arrive at an estimate. "We were able to go to households and say 'Has
anything like this happened to anyone in your family?'" he said.
He believed the index,
which he hoped would provide "a bit of a wake-up call" to the world's
governments, had a margin of error of between 5-10%. "We always erred on
the conservative side."
Asked why 30 million
continued to live in conditions of slavery in 2013, Dafalia said the
reasons varied from country to country, but one constant was that it
remained a "hidden problem."
We're not talking about bad choices, we're not talking about crummy
jobs in a sweatshop. We're talking about real life slavery -- you can't
walk away, you're controlled through violence, you're treated like
property.
Global Slavery Index co-author Kevin Bales
In some of the worst-hit
countries, the report said, the affected parties were citizens ensnared
in endemic, culturally-sanctioned forms of slavery -- "the chattel
slavery of the Haratins in Mauritania, the exploitation of children
through the restavek practice in Haiti,
the cultural and economic practices of both caste and debt bondage in
India and Pakistan, and the exploitation of children through vidomegon
in Benin."
In other examples, including
Nepal,
Gabon and Moldova, it was migrants who were most vulnerable to
exploitation. In many examples, noted the report, child and forced
marriage was prevalent and child protection practices weak.
It noted that
in India, the country with the most slaves, the risk of enslavement varied markedly from state to state.
The Middle East and North Africa,
it said, showed the highest measured level of discrimination against
women, with one result being a high level of forced and child marriages
within the region, and
widespread exploitation of trafficked women as domestic workers and prostitutes. Vulnerable male migrants also frequently found themselves
in exploitative working conditions.
In contrast, said Bales,
countries like Brazil led the world in anti-slavery efforts. "It has a
national plan to eradicate slavery. It has a dirty list where it has
every company that's ever had slavery pollute their products, they have
special anti-slavery police squads."
He rejected the
suggestion that the term "slavery" was an overly emotive or misleading
way of defining people who were trapped by crushing poverty.
"I spend a lot of time
talking to people who have been or are in slavery, and when you talk to
them about it, they know what the situation is," he said.
"We're not talking about
bad choices, we're not talking about crummy jobs in a sweatshop. We're
talking about real life slavery -- you can't walk away, you're
controlled through violence, you're treated like property."
Disputed islands buzzing with activity
Japan arrests 14 pro-China activists
Staying away because of island dispute
在香港回歸超過15年後，移居海外的香港居民人數又開始增加。
